Nootropic & Neuropeptides

9-ME-BC is 9-methyl-beta-carboline, a small-molecule beta-carboline rather than a peptide.

Adamax peptide

Adamax is an unresolved marketplace name for a claimed Semax-related analogue. No official sequence, CID, or dose is established.

Alpha-GPC, also called choline alfoscerate, is a choline precursor rather than a peptide.

BDNF is an endogenous neurotrophic protein involved in neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity.

Bromantan, Ladasten, Adamantylbromphenylamine

Bromantane is a synthetic non-peptide aminoadamantane marketed by prescription as Ladasten in Russia for asthenic states and neurasthenia. Russian human studies exist, but the controlled trials are small, old and at risk of bias; it is not FDA-approved or centrally authorised in the EU and is prohibited in competition by WADA under S6.A.

FPF-1070, Cerebrolysin peptide preparation

A standardized mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids derived from purified porcine brain proteins, marketed by EVER Pharma in some countries as a neurotrophic agent and studied in ischemic stroke, dementia, and traumatic brain injury. It is not FDA- or EMA-approved, and systematic reviews report mixed and disputed evidence.

CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor, is a cytokine that supports neuronal survival in experimental systems.

AEDP, Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, H-Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro-OH, Cortagen tetrapeptide

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, "AEDP") from Vladimir Khavinson's "short peptide bioregulator" school, derived by directed synthesis from the cerebral-cortex preparation cortexin and marketed as a brain/nervous-system "bioregulator." Evidence is limited, older, and almost entirely from the Khavinson lineage — rodent nerve-regeneration and ex-vivo chromatin studies, with no published human clinical trials. Not approved for human use.

Кортексин

A Russian prescription preparation containing a heterogeneous mixture of polypeptides obtained from cattle brain cortex. It is not a single sequence-defined peptide. Human trials exist, but systematic reviews judge the independent evidence limited and at important risk of bias.

N-hexanoyl-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanamide, PNB-0408, ATH-1001

Dihexa is a synthetic angiotensin-IV-derived compound studied only in cells and animals. The key HGF/c-Met mechanism paper (Benoist 2014) was retracted in 2025 for fabricated figures. Its phosphate prodrug fosgonimeton (ATH-1017) missed its primary endpoints in two Alzheimer's trials. Human efficacy and safety of dihexa itself have not been studied.

Emideltide, Delta sleep-inducing peptide, Delta EEG-inducing peptide

A naturally occurring nonapeptide isolated in 1977 from the cerebral venous blood of sleeping rabbits. Despite its name, its sleep-promoting effects are inconsistent across studies and its physiological role, biosynthetic origin, and receptor remain unestablished. The evidence base is old, mixed, and largely preclinical.

FGL Peptide (NCAM Mimetic), FG loop peptide

FGL is a name used for several related peptide constructs. Early human research examined FGLL tolerability, not cognitive benefit; a mouse study used a different construct. The variants and their findings must be kept separate. Editorial review pending.

GB115, ГБ-115, Ranquilon, Ранквилон

GB-115, also known as Ranquilon, has been studied in humans, but the trials examined different patient groups. Reporting inconsistencies and conflicting molecular identity descriptions in preclinical and clinical sources limit interpretation. Editorial review pending.

Synthetic NGF mimetic studied in cells and rodents; clinical benefit and human safety remain unestablished in the reviewed sources.

Synthetic BDNF mimetic with cell and rodent findings; human efficacy and safety are not established by the reviewed sources.

BDNF loop mimetic with model-dependent cell and animal findings; human efficacy and safety remain unestablished by the reviewed sources.

HGF, hepatocyte growth factor, is also known as scatter factor.

NA-Selank Amidate, NA-Selank, N-acetyl selank amidate, Ac-Selank-NH2

N-Acetyl Selank Amidate is a vendor-defined double-capped Selank analogue (N-acetyl + C-terminal amide) with no verified PubChem CID or CAS for the exact amidate form and zero identified peer-reviewed pharmacology. Do not confuse PubChem CID 133082488 (N-acetyl free acid) with the amidate. Russian Selank approval does not apply.

NA-Semax Amidate, NA-Semax, N-acetyl semax amidate, Ac-Semax-NH2, HY-P3588, EX-A13574

N-Acetyl Semax Amidate is a double-capped Semax analogue (N-acetyl + C-terminal amide) with a PubChem deposit (CID 172638603) but no identified peer-reviewed pharmacology, safety, or efficacy study of that exact molecule. Russian Semax approval and parent Semax data must not be transferred to this variant.

NGF, nerve growth factor, is an endogenous protein important for sensory and sympathetic neurons.

Omberacetam, GVS-111, N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester

Noopept is a synthetic prolylglycine-derived small molecule with limited, mostly Russian-language clinical literature and a larger preclinical literature; robust human efficacy and safety are not established.

Hypocretin-1

Orexin-A, also called hypocretin-1, is a neuropeptide that activates orexin receptors. Small human studies have examined smell, sleep, attention and nerve activity. These findings do not establish general cognitive benefit or long-term safety. Editorial review pending.

Orexin-B, also called hypocretin-2, is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide produced from the HCRT precursor.

P-21, P21, Peptide 021

P021 is an engineered CNTF-derived tetrapeptide-core compound with a terminal adamantylated-glycine modification. Published evidence remains preclinical, no human intervention study was identified, and recent records include a mixed 2024 animal result, a 2026 corrigendum and a retraction in the related CNTF-peptide research line.

PACAP is an endogenous signaling peptide with two major active forms, PACAP-27 and PACAP-38.

PE 22-28, Mini-spadin, Spadin analog (PE 22-28)

PE-22-28 ("mini-spadin") is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide (GVSWGLR) corresponding to positions 22–28 of spadin, a fragment of the sortilin propeptide. It inhibits the TREK-1 potassium channel in cell and rodent studies from a single French research group. No human administration study, clinical trial or regulatory approval exists. It is not a galanin fragment and not a BDNF peptide.

EDR, EDR peptide, Glu-Asp-Arg, Cortagen-family cytogen

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg, "EDR") from Vladimir Khavinson's St. Petersburg school of short peptide bioregulators, marketed with a nootropic/neuroprotective framing. Its chemistry is well defined, but efficacy claims rest on cell, rodent, and limited, older, single-group human data with no independent replication. Not approved by the FDA or EMA for any use.

The catalog labels RG-3 “Ginsenoside-Derived Neuro-Peptide”.

TP-7

A synthetic heptapeptide analog of the endogenous immunopeptide tuftsin, studied largely in Russian research for anxiolytic, nootropic, and immunomodulatory effects. Not approved by the FDA or EMA.

ACTH(4-10) Pro-Gly-Pro analog, ACTH(4-7)PGP, Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro

A synthetic heptapeptide derived from a fragment of ACTH, developed and registered in Russia and studied for nootropic and neuroprotective effects, with research most often linking it to BDNF signaling. Most evidence is Russian and not replicated in large Western trials.