All peptides

5-amino-1-methylquinolinium, 5-amino-1MQ, 5A1MQ, NNMTi (informal), 5-amino-1-methylquinolin-1-ium

5-Amino-1MQ is a synthetic small-molecule (quinolinium salt) inhibitor of the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) — it is NOT a peptide, despite being marketed and discussed alongside peptides in the research-chemical community. It is studied only in cell culture and mice as a candidate for obesity and metabolic disease, where NNMT inhibition reduced body weight and fat mass in diet-induced obese mice without changing food intake. It is not an approved medicine anywhere, and there are no published human clinical trials, no human pharmacokinetic data, and no placebo-controlled efficacy studies.

Tymlos (brand, US), Eladynos (brand, EU/GB), BA058, BIM-44058, PTHrP(1-34) analog

A synthetic 34-amino-acid analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP 1-34) and an approved osteoanabolic (bone-forming) medicine for osteoporosis, marketed as Tymlos (US) and Eladynos (EU/UK). Approved medicine — the approval applies to the specific licensed products, not to research-grade material.

Anti-Obesity Drug 9604, hGH fragment 176-191 analog, AOD9604

A synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide based on the C-terminal "lipolytic" region of human growth hormone (residues 176-191) with an added tyrosine, developed as an anti-obesity drug. It was claimed to stimulate fat metabolism without affecting blood sugar or IGF-1, but its human obesity trials did not show significant weight loss versus placebo and drug development was discontinued in 2007. It is not an approved drug.

Body Protection Compound-157, Bepecin, PL 14736, PLD-116

A synthetic pentadecapeptide whose sequence derives from a protein found in human gastric juice, studied almost entirely in animal models for tissue repair, tendon and ligament healing, gastrointestinal protection, and angiogenesis. It is not approved for human use, and rigorous human trial data are essentially absent.

AEDL, Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu, H-Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu-OH, Bronchogen (Khavinson bronchial bioregulator), lung peptide bioregulator

A synthetic short tetrapeptide from Vladimir Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" (cytogen) family, marketed toward bronchial/respiratory tissue research. It has no published human clinical trials, is sold only as a research reagent, and is not an approved medicine anywhere confirmed in the sources found. Not approved for human use.

AM833, cagrilintide, NN9838, NNC0174-0833

An investigational long-acting amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk for weight management, studied alone and especially in combination with semaglutide as CagriSema. Not approved by any regulator.

GW-501516, GW1516, GW-1516, GSK-516, Endurobol, Cardarine, GW501516

A synthetic, orally active small-molecule selective PPARδ (PPARβ/δ) agonist — not a peptide — developed in the 1990s as a candidate for dyslipidemia and popularized as an "exercise mimetic." Development was abandoned by GlaxoSmithKline around 2007 after long-term rodent studies showed it promoted tumors across multiple tissues. Not approved for human use by any regulator anywhere.

AEDR, Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg, H-Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg-OH, Cardiogen peptide

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg, "AEDR") from the Khavinson school of short "peptide bioregulators," marketed as a heart/myocardium-targeted compound. Its chemistry is verifiable, but supporting evidence is limited to in-vitro binding assays and a hypothesis-level gene-regulation model; cardiac-efficacy claims are unverified and there is no confirmed human data. Not approved for human use anywhere.

AED, Ala-Glu-Asp, L-Alanyl-L-glutamyl-L-aspartic acid, Alanyl-glutamyl-aspartic acid, H-Ala-Glu-Asp-OH, T-31 peptide, PubChem CID 87815447

A synthetic tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp, "AED") from Vladimir Khavinson's "short peptide bioregulator" school, marketed toward cartilage and connective-tissue "repair." The verifiable evidence is thin, old and preclinical — a single in-vitro gene-expression study, no animal joint-disease trial and no human data. Not approved for human use.

FPF-1070, Cerebrolysin peptide preparation

A standardized mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids derived from purified porcine brain proteins, marketed by EVER Pharma in some countries as a neurotrophic agent and studied in ischemic stroke, dementia, and traumatic brain injury. It is not FDA- or EMA-approved, and systematic reviews report mixed and disputed evidence.

EDG, Glu-Asp-Gly tripeptide, T-34 tripeptide, Glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine, H-Glu-Asp-Gly-OH, Lung/bronchial mucosa bioregulator

A synthetic tripeptide, Glu-Asp-Gly (EDG), from Vladimir Khavinson's "short peptide bioregulator" school, marketed for bronchial/lung tissue support. Chemistry is well-defined (PubChem CID 194641; CAS 75007-24-8; C11H17N3O8; MW 319.27), but the biological evidence is thin — one in-vitro study plus uncontrolled, unreplicated Russian clinical claims. Not approved for human use.

DAC:GRF, CJC-1295 with DAC, CJC-1295 without DAC, Modified GRF (1-29), Mod GRF 1-29, Tetrasubstituted GRF (1-29)

A synthetic tetrasubstituted analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) studied for prolonging GH and IGF-1 release. Exists as a long-acting albumin-binding form (with DAC) and a short-acting form (without DAC, commonly called Modified GRF 1-29).

AEDP, Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, H-Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro-OH, Cortagen tetrapeptide

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, "AEDP") from Vladimir Khavinson's "short peptide bioregulator" school, derived by directed synthesis from the cerebral-cortex preparation cortexin and marketed as a brain/nervous-system "bioregulator." Evidence is limited, older, and almost entirely from the Khavinson lineage — rodent nerve-regeneration and ex-vivo chromatin studies, with no published human clinical trials. Not approved for human use.

EDP, Glu-Asp-Pro, glutamyl-aspartyl-proline, L-Glutamyl-L-aspartyl-L-proline, Cytogen (immune), Crystagen (trade name)

A synthetic short-peptide "bioregulator" from the Khavinson (St. Petersburg) school, marketed as an immune/thymic "Cytogen." Most primary sources identify it as the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Pro (EDP), though some vendor pages list conflicting, unverified sequences. Its evidence base is older, largely Russian, and mostly preclinical, with only small, weakly-controlled human immunogram reports. Not approved for human use.

Delta sleep-inducing peptide, Delta EEG-inducing peptide

A naturally occurring nonapeptide isolated in 1977 from the cerebral venous blood of sleeping rabbits. Despite its name, its sleep-promoting effects are inconsistent across studies and its physiological role, biosynthetic origin, and receptor remain unestablished. The evidence base is old, mixed, and largely preclinical.

Epithalon, Epithalone, AEDG peptide, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed by Vladimir Khavinson and derived from the pineal peptide preparation epithalamin. It is promoted around telomerase activation, telomere lengthening, and anti-aging effects, but most supporting studies come from a single research group, are older and small, and have seen little independent replication. Human evidence is very limited and it is not approved anywhere.

FOXO4 D-Retro-Inverso peptide, FOXO4-DRI, Proxofim, FOXO4-DRI (D-retro-inverso)

An experimental senolytic peptide — a cell-penetrating, protease-resistant D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4–p53 interaction and trigger apoptosis preferentially in senescent ("zombie") cells. Evidence is strictly preclinical (mouse and cell culture). Not approved for human use.

Copper tripeptide-1, GHK-copper, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper, Copper peptide

GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the naturally occurring human tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK). Plasma GHK declines with age, and the complex has well-documented roles in wound healing, collagen and extracellular-matrix synthesis, antioxidant defense, and broad gene-expression modulation. It is widely used and regarded as safe as a topical cosmetic ingredient, with some supportive human skin studies; injectable "research" use has no human trial evidence.

Pralmorelin, KP-102, GPA-748

A synthetic hexapeptide and agonist of the ghrelin / growth-hormone-secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) that strongly stimulates growth hormone release. Unlike the more selective ipamorelin, it also modestly raises ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin and increases appetite. Approved in Japan (as pralmorelin) only as a diagnostic agent for growth hormone deficiency; not approved as a therapeutic in the US or EU.

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6, SKF-110679, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys

A synthetic hexapeptide growth-hormone-releasing peptide and agonist of the ghrelin / growth-hormone-secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). One of the first GHRPs ever made, it was historically central to discovering the ghrelin receptor. It strongly stimulates a growth hormone pulse and appetite, but also raises cortisol and prolactin. It is not an approved therapeutic.

GSH, L-Glutathione (reduced), gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, Reduced glutathione, Setria (branded oral), Tationil (branded IV, abroad)

An endogenous tripeptide (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) that is the body's principal intracellular antioxidant and redox buffer. Unlike most compounds discussed alongside peptides, this one genuinely is a peptide. It is sold as an oral, liposomal, and injectable supplement and is heavily marketed for "detox," immune support, liver health, and cosmetic skin-lightening, but disease-outcome efficacy in humans is largely unproven. It is not FDA- or EMA-approved as a drug; oral forms are US dietary supplements and injectable use has been the subject of FDA safety warnings.

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone), Factrel (brand, diagnostic), Lutrepulse / Lutropulse (brand, fertility), Relefact / HRF / Luforan (brands)

Gonadorelin is synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH/LHRH), the natural decapeptide that drives the reproductive axis. Given in pulses it stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH; given continuously it paradoxically suppresses them. It has a genuine human approval history (Factrel for diagnostic testing; Lutrepulse for hypothalamic-amenorrhoea infertility), but those products are discontinued in the US, and it remains widely used in veterinary medicine.

Examorelin, EP-23905

A synthetic hexapeptide growth-hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) and agonist of the ghrelin / growth-hormone-secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). It is a potent stimulus for growth hormone release but, like other GHRPs, also raises cortisol and prolactin, and it is studied for a distinctive growth-hormone-independent cardiovascular action mediated by the CD36 receptor. Reached early-phase human trials but was never approved for human use.

HN, MT-RNR2 peptide, HNG analog (S14G-humanin)

A small mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 16S rRNA (MT-RNR2) region, originally identified in Alzheimer's disease research and studied mainly in cells and animals for cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic, metabolic, and neuroprotective effects. Circulating levels decline with age. It is not an approved medicine, and there are no completed human therapeutic trials of administered humanin.

NNC 26-0161, NNC-26-0161

A synthetic pentapeptide and selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth-hormone-secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), studied for stimulating growth hormone release with minimal effect on ACTH, cortisol, or prolactin. Investigated clinically for postoperative ileus but discontinued; never approved for human use.

Metastin, KISS1-derived peptide, Kisspeptin-54, Kisspeptin-13, Kisspeptin-10

A family of neuropeptides encoded by the KISS1 gene (originally identified as the metastasis suppressor "metastin") that act through the KISS1R/GPR54 receptor as a master upstream regulator of the reproductive axis, stimulating GnRH and thereby LH and FSH.

Lys-Pro-Val, α-MSH(11-13), KPV tripeptide

A tripeptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of α-MSH (residues 11–13), studied in vitro and in animal models for anti-inflammatory activity in intestinal and dermal inflammation. Not approved for human use.

Victoza (brand), Saxenda (brand), NN2211, Liraglutide (rDNA origin)

A once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA and EMA. Marketed as Victoza for type 2 diabetes (and cardiovascular risk reduction) and as Saxenda for chronic weight management, it is an older, shorter-acting GLP-1 drug with a smaller weight-loss effect than the longer-acting semaglutide and tirzepatide.

KEDA, Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala, H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala-OH, Livagen peptide

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala / KEDA) from Vladimir Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" school, marketed as a liver / anti-aging bioregulator. The only substantive evidence is a small body of older, mostly-Russian ex vivo studies on cultured lymphocytes from elderly people; there are no in vivo human clinical trials. Not approved for human use.

Cathelicidin, hCAP-18 C-terminal peptide, CAMP, LL37

The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-residue fragment released from the precursor protein hCAP-18. It is an endogenous component of innate immunity with direct antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, chemotactic, angiogenic, and wound-healing activities, but it has strikingly double-edged biology, it is also implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and has context-dependent roles in cancer. It is not an approved drug; the only controlled human data come from small topical wound-healing trials, with no systemic dosing established.

IBI362, IBI-362, LY3305677, LY-3305677, OXM-3

A once-weekly subcutaneous dual GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist (an oxyntomodulin analog) in-licensed from Eli Lilly and developed by Innovent Biologics. Approved in China (NMPA) for chronic weight management and for type 2 diabetes; not approved by the FDA or EMA.

Afamelanotide, Scenesse (brand), Melanotan 1, [Nle4-D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH, NDP-MSH, NDP-alpha-MSH, CUV1647

A synthetic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and melanocortin-1 receptor agonist, marketed as Scenesse and approved by the EMA (2014) and FDA (2019) to prevent phototoxicity in adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), a rare painful light-sensitivity disorder, not for cosmetic tanning.

Melanotan 2, MT-II, MT-2

A synthetic cyclic heptapeptide and non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist (MC1R/MC3R/MC4R/MC5R) studied in small human trials for skin tanning and erectile function. It is not approved as a medicine anywhere, is widely sold as an unregulated injectable, and is associated with documented serious harms including priapism, nausea, changes in moles, and rare reports of rhabdomyolysis and encephalopathy. It is distinct from the approved drug afamelanotide (Melanotan I / Scenesse).

Methylthioninium chloride, Methylthionine chloride, Basic Blue 9, Swiss blue, CI 52015, MB, ProvayBlue (brand), Proveblue (brand)

A synthetic phenothiazine redox dye (methylthioninium chloride) and a small molecule — not a peptide — that is frequently discussed alongside peptides in nootropic and longevity circles. As a medicine it is genuinely approved: FDA-approved (ProvayBlue, 2016) and EMA-approved (Proveblue, 2011) as an intravenous treatment for acquired/drug-induced methemoglobinemia, where it accelerates the enzymatic reduction of methemoglobin (Fe3+) back to functional hemoglobin (Fe2+). Its popularity as a low-dose "mitochondrial" nootropic rests on a separate, largely preclinical rationale, and that use is off-label and not an approved indication.

Mitochondrial ORF of the twelve S rRNA type-c, MOTSc, Mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c

A 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA (MT-RNR1) region, studied mainly in cells and mice as a regulator of metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and AMPK signaling, with proposed exercise-mimetic and longevity-related effects. It is not approved as a medicine, and there are no completed human therapeutic trials of the native peptide.

NAD+, Nadide, beta-NAD, beta-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), Coenzyme I, NAD (oxidized form)

An endogenous pyridine dinucleotide coenzyme (redox cofactor) central to cellular energy metabolism and the consumed substrate for sirtuins, PARPs and CD38 — a small metabolite, NOT a peptide. Tissue levels fall with age, so NAD+ and its precursors are heavily marketed for "longevity and energy," but human evidence is limited to small pilot studies and no longevity benefit is established. IV/injectable NAD+ is not FDA- or EMA-approved; it is sold as a compounded preparation (503A/503B) or as a dietary supplement, and the FDA has issued recalls and safety warnings.

EDL peptide, Glu-Asp-Leu, Glutamyl-aspartyl-leucine, L-Glutamyl-L-aspartyl-L-leucine, Ovagen bioregulator

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Leu, "EDL") from the Khavinson "short peptide bioregulator" school, marketed for liver, gastrointestinal-mucosal and immune "support" via a proposed peptide–gene-expression mechanism. The chemistry is verifiable in PubChem, but the biological evidence is limited, older, largely Russian and preclinical, with no verifiable human trials. Not approved for human use.

Pitocin (brand), Syntocinon (brand), OT, OXT

An endogenous nonapeptide hormone made in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin, Syntocinon) is an FDA- and EU-approved obstetric medicine for labor induction/augmentation and control of postpartum bleeding; its widely publicized roles in social bonding, trust and autism are an active but mixed and investigational research area.

KEDW, KEDW-NH2 (amidated form), Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp, Pancragene (alt. transliteration), Pancreas peptide bioregulator

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp / KEDW) from Vladimir Khavinson's "short peptide bioregulator" school, marketed as a pancreas-targeting bioregulator for glucose/insulin metabolism and aging. The evidence base is small, older, mostly Russian, and overwhelmingly preclinical (diabetic rats, aged monkeys, cell cultures), with a single small unreplicated human study. Not approved for human use.

EDR, EDR peptide, Glu-Asp-Arg, Cortagen-family cytogen

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg, "EDR") from Vladimir Khavinson's St. Petersburg school of short peptide bioregulators, marketed with a nootropic/neuroprotective framing. Its chemistry is well defined, but efficacy claims rest on cell, rodent, and limited, older, single-group human data with no independent replication. Not approved by the FDA or EMA for any use.

KEDP, Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro, H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro-OH, Prostate peptide bioregulator, Khavinson prostate peptide

A synthetic short-chain tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro, KEDP) of the Khavinson "peptide bioregulator" class, marketed as a "prostate bioregulator." Its chemistry is well defined in PubChem, but its published evidence is a small, older, mostly-Russian body of in-vitro chromatin/gerontology work — not prostate clinical trials. Not approved by the FDA or EMA; supplied in the West only as a research reagent.

Bremelanotide, Vyleesi (brand), PT-141, PT 141

A synthetic cyclic-peptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone that acts as a melanocortin receptor agonist (notably MC4R). Marketed as Vyleesi, it is FDA-approved (2019) for acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women, given as an as-needed subcutaneous injection.

LY3437943, Triple-G agonist, Triple-hormone-receptor agonist

An investigational once-weekly triple agonist of the GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors developed by Eli Lilly and studied for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Not approved by any regulator.

TP-7

A synthetic heptapeptide analog of the endogenous immunopeptide tuftsin, studied largely in Russian research for anxiolytic, nootropic, and immunomodulatory effects. Not approved by the FDA or EMA.

Ozempic (brand, type 2 diabetes), Wegovy (brand, weight management / MASH), Rybelsus (brand, oral, type 2 diabetes), NN9535, Semaglutide

A long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and FDA/EMA-approved prescription medicine (brands Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus) used for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, with proven cardiovascular benefit and a class profile of gastrointestinal side effects and a rodent thyroid C-cell tumor boxed warning.

ACTH(4-10) Pro-Gly-Pro analog, ACTH(4-7)PGP, Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro

A synthetic heptapeptide derived from a fragment of ACTH, developed and registered in Russia and studied for nootropic and neuroprotective effects, with research most often linking it to BDNF signaling. Most evidence is Russian and not replicated in large Western trials.

GHRH (1-29), GRF 1-29, Geref (brand, discontinued), Geref Diagnostic (brand, discontinued), Sermorelin acetate

A synthetic 29-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the first 29 residues of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the shortest fully active GHRH fragment. Formerly FDA-approved (brand Geref) as a diagnostic for growth hormone secretion and as a treatment for pediatric GH deficiency, it was discontinued in the United States around 2008 for commercial reasons and is now encountered mainly through compounding pharmacies.

SLU PP 332, SLUPP332, pan-ERR agonist SLU-PP-332

A synthetic small-molecule pan-agonist of the estrogen-related receptors (ERRα/β/γ), studied as an "exercise mimetic." It is NOT a peptide — it is a low-molecular-weight organic compound (benzamide/hydrazide class; PubChem CID 5338394, formula C18H14N2O2, MW ~290.3). In mice it activates an ERRα-dependent aerobic-exercise gene program, boosts endurance and fatty-acid oxidation, and reduces fat mass in obese models. Evidence is strictly preclinical (rodent and cell); there are no human trials and no regulatory approval by the FDA, EMA, or any major regulator.

Acetyl Octapeptide-3, Acetyl glutamyl heptapeptide-1, Ac-Glu-Glu-Met-Gln-Arg-Arg-Ala-Asp-NH2, Acetyl-EEMQRRAD-amide, SNAP-8 (trademark)

SNAP-8 (INCI Acetyl Octapeptide-3) is a synthetic, acetylated and amidated octapeptide marketed as a topical cosmetic "neuromodulating" ingredient and sold as a research reagent. Its identity and sequence are well documented, but its anti-wrinkle efficacy claims come from manufacturer literature rather than independent trials. Not an approved drug.

Elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia, SS-31 peptide

A synthetic, mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide (also called elamipretide) that concentrates on the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds the phospholipid cardiolipin, helping stabilize cristae structure and improve electron-transport efficiency. It has been studied in numerous human trials; in 2025 the elamipretide hydrochloride form received FDA accelerated approval for Barth syndrome, while several other trials missed their primary endpoints.

TB500, Thymosin beta-4 fragment (17-23), Ac-LKKTETQ, Thymosin β4 actin-binding fragment

A synthetic peptide marketed as a fragment of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4). Analytical work identifies the material sold as "TB-500" as the N-terminal acetylated 17–23 fragment of Tβ4 (Ac-LKKTETQ), the protein's actin-binding motif. Most biological evidence describes full-length Tβ4 in animals and cell culture, not the TB-500 fragment, and there are no human clinical trials of TB-500 itself. It is not approved for human use and is prohibited in sport.

PTH(1-34), rhPTH(1-34), recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34), Forteo, Forsteo, Bonsity, parathyroid hormone fragment 1-34

Recombinant human parathyroid hormone fragment PTH(1-34), the first anabolic (bone-forming) osteoporosis medicine and a PTH1 receptor agonist. FDA-approved November 2002 (Forteo/Forsteo; EMA June 2003; follow-on Bonsity 2019).

Egrifta (brand), Egrifta SV (brand), Egrifta WR (brand), TH9507, Tesamorelin acetate

A stabilized synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-44), FDA-approved (brand Egrifta) to reduce excess visceral abdominal fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy by stimulating endogenous growth hormone release.

KEDG, Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly-OH, lysyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, "KEDG") from Vladimir Khavinson's "short peptide bioregulator" school, marketed toward testicular/testosterone and thyroid "support." The honest evidence is thin, older, and mostly Russian — the actual PubMed-indexed primary work is thyroid biology in hypophysectomised birds plus in-vitro DNA-binding data, with no published human clinical trials. Not approved for human use.

Thymus extract, Thymic peptide preparation, Thymalinum

A polypeptide complex isolated from calf (bovine) thymus by mild acid extraction, developed in the Soviet Union and Russia and associated with Vladimir Khavinson's peptide-bioregulator school. Registered in Russia as an immunomodulator ("immunocorrector") and studied in immune dysfunction, infections, sepsis, and longevity. It is a mixture rather than a single peptide, is not FDA- or EMA-approved, and most of its clinical evidence comes from a single research group with limited independent replication.

Glutamyl-tryptophan, Glu-Trp, L-Glu-L-Trp, Oglufanide, Oglufanide sodium, Thymagen, H-Glu-Trp-OH, EW

Thymogen is the monosodium salt of the synthetic dipeptide L-alpha-glutamyl-L-tryptophan (Glu-Trp; free acid = oglufanide, CAS 38101-59-6, C16H19N3O5, MW 333.34, PubChem CID 100094). Developed in the Soviet Union/Russia as a short-peptide immunomodulator related to the thymic extract Thymalin, it is a registered pharmaceutical in Russia but is not approved by the FDA or EMA. In the West the same molecule (oglufanide) held US IND status and received FDA Orphan Drug designation for ovarian cancer (Sept 2001) and was studied for cancer and chronic hepatitis C, but no marketing approval resulted. The evidence picture is genuinely mixed — a Russian registration and older/preclinical mechanism papers on one side, no completed Western approval and mostly animal/in-vitro data on the other.

Tα1, Thymalfasin, Zadaxin

A synthetic 28-amino-acid peptide identical to a fragment of prothymosin alpha, originally isolated from thymus tissue, that acts as an immunomodulator by promoting T-cell maturation, modulating dendritic cells, and signaling through Toll-like receptors. Marketed as Zadaxin (thymalfasin), it is approved in roughly 30 to 35 countries for chronic hepatitis B and as an immune adjunct in cancer and infection, but it is not approved by the U.S. FDA or the European Medicines Agency. Evidence quality varies widely by indication.

Tβ4, TB4, RGN-259, RGN-352

A naturally occurring 43-amino-acid actin-sequestering peptide that is among the most abundant intracellular peptides in mammalian cells, with studied roles in cell migration, angiogenesis, wound healing, and corneal and cardiac repair. It has been developed as the investigational drug candidates RGN-259 (ophthalmic) and RGN-352 (systemic injectable) in small, early-stage human trials, none of which has yielded an approved product. It is distinct from the marketed fragment TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ) and is prohibited in sport.

Mounjaro (brand), Zepbound (brand), LY3298176, GIP/GLP-1 dual agonist

A once-weekly dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly. It is an FDA- and EMA-approved prescription medicine, marketed as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and Zepbound for chronic weight management and obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity.

Vesilut, Glu-Asp (claimed), ED dipeptide (claimed), L-alpha-Glutamyl-L-aspartic acid (claimed identity)

"Vesilute" is a trade/market name used by research-peptide vendors, not a compound with standing in any primary scientific or regulatory source. It has zero hits in PubMed, PubMed Central, and cosmetic/regulatory databases, and "Vesilute" is not listed among the synonyms of the Glu-Asp dipeptide that vendors claim it to be. All efficacy claims come from marketing pages, not clinical data. Not approved for human use anywhere.

Lys-Glu, KE dipeptide, L-Lysyl-L-Glutamic acid, Lysylglutamic acid, Peptide Vilon, Normophthal, AB-17, H-Lys-Glu-OH

A synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu, the "KE dipeptide") from Vladimir Khavinson's "short peptide bioregulator" school, framed as an immunomodulator and geroprotector. Evidence is limited and mostly preclinical (mouse and cell-culture), from a single research lineage with no independent Western replication. Not approved for human use.